Historical Figure
John Adams
1735–1826
Founding Father, U.S. president from 1797 to 1801
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Biography
John Adams was a Founding Father and the second president of the United States from 1797 to 1801. Before his presidency, he was a leader of the American Revolution that achieved independence from Great Britain. During the latter part of the Revolutionary War and in the early years of the new nation, he served the Continental Congress of the United States as a senior diplomat in Europe. Adams was the first person to hold the office of vice president of the United States, serving from 1789 to 1797. He was a dedicated diarist and regularly corresponded with important contemporaries, including his wife and advisor Abigail Adams and his friend and rival Thomas Jefferson.
Timeline
The story of John Adams, told in moments.
Defends the British soldiers charged with murder after the Boston Massacre. Everyone hates the British. Adams takes the case anyway. "Facts are stubborn things," he tells the jury. He wins acquittals for six of the eight. His law practice suffers. He does it because he believes in the right to counsel. He is 34.
Serves on the committee that drafts the Declaration of Independence and becomes its primary advocate in Congress. Jefferson writes it but Adams argues for it. He predicts July 2 will be "the most memorable epoch in the history of America." He's off by two days.
Inaugurated as the second president. His vice president is Thomas Jefferson, who also happens to be the leader of the opposing party. The entire presidency is consumed by the threat of war with France and internal party warfare. He signs the Alien and Sedition Acts. He avoids war. His own party, led by Hamilton, undermines him at every turn.
Becomes the first president to live in the White House. Loses reelection to Jefferson and leaves Washington before dawn on Inauguration Day without attending the ceremony. He and Jefferson don't speak for 12 years.
Dies at home in Quincy, Massachusetts, on the 50th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence. His last words, reportedly: "Thomas Jefferson survives." Jefferson had actually died a few hours earlier at Monticello, but Adams didn't know.
In Their Own Words (20)
Thanks be to God, that he gave me Stubborness, when I know I am right.
Letter to Edmund Jenings, 27 September 1782, also quoted in John Adams (2008) by David McCullough, p. 272, 2008
But America is a great, unwieldy Body. Its Progress must be slow. It is like a large Fleet sailing under Convoy. The fleetest Sailors must wait for the dullest and slowest. Like a Coach and six—the swiftest Horses must be slackened and the slowest quickened, that all may keep an even Pace.
Letter to Abigail Adams (17 July 1775); in L. H. Butterfield, ed., Adams Family Correspondence (1963), vol. 1, p. 216, 1963
Old minds are like old horses; you must exercise them if you wish to keep them in working order.
As quoted by Josiah Quincy III, in Looking Toward Sunset: From Sources Old and New, Original and Selected (1865) by Lydia Maria Francis Child, p. 431, 1865
It is folly to anticipate evils, and madness to create imaginary ones.
Diary entry (4 August 1796), 1796
Omnium rerum domina, virtus. Virtue is the mistress of all things. Virtue is the master of all things. Therefore a nation that should never do wrong must necessarily govern the world. The might of virtue, the power of virtue, is not a very common topic, not so common as it should be.
Diary entry (6 August 1796), 1796
Artifacts (15)
The Moon
John Adams Whipple|James Wallace Black
The Moon
John Adams Whipple|James Wallace Black
The Moon
John Adams Whipple|James Wallace Black
[Rev. Mr. Frederick T. Gray and Deacons of Old Bullfinch Street Church]
John Adams Whipple
[Cornelius Conway Felton with His Hat and Coat]
John Adams Whipple
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