Events

King Charles I walked through the Banqueting House at Whitehall and stepped onto a scaffold erected outside its windows on January 30, 1649. He wore two shirts, so that the cold January air would not make him shiver and give the crowd the impression he was afraid. At approximately 2:00 p.m., the executioner''s axe fell, and England became the first major European nation to put its own king to death through a formal judicial process. The execution was the climax of a constitutional crisis that had consumed England for nearly a decade. Charles had ruled without Parliament for eleven years (the "Personal Rule"), attempted to impose Anglican worship on Presbyterian Scotland, and fought a civil war against Parliament that killed an estimated 200,000 people—roughly 4 percent of England''s population. Captured by Parliamentary forces in 1646, Charles repeatedly refused to accept constitutional limitations on royal power, negotiated secretly with the Scots for a second war, and was seen by his captors as an untrustworthy tyrant who would never stop plotting to regain absolute authority. The trial, held in Westminster Hall beginning January 20, was unprecedented. Parliament had created a High Court of Justice specifically for the purpose, and 67 of the 135 appointed commissioners signed the death warrant. Charles refused to enter a plea, arguing that no court had jurisdiction over a divinely anointed king. His prosecutor, John Cook, charged him with treason against the people of England—the first time an English sovereign had been accused of betraying the nation rather than the other way around. The regicide sent shockwaves across Europe. No monarch was safe if Parliament could execute a king. Royalist propaganda transformed Charles into a martyr; the Eikon Basilike, published days after his death and purportedly written by Charles himself, became a bestseller. The English Republic that replaced the monarchy lasted only eleven years before Charles''s son was restored to the throne in 1660. But the precedent was permanent: the execution established that English kings ruled by law, not by divine right, and that sovereignty ultimately resided in the people and their representatives.

Richard Lawrence pointed two pistols at President Andrew Jackson on the steps of the U.S. Capitol on January 30, 1835, in the first assassination attempt against an American president. Both pistols misfired. The odds of two consecutive misfires from properly loaded weapons were later estimated at roughly 125,000 to one, though the damp weather that day likely affected the percussion caps. Jackson, who was 67 years old and in declining health, reportedly charged his assailant with a cane and had to be restrained by aides, including Congressman Davy Crockett, who helped subdue Lawrence on the ground. Lawrence was a house painter who had been exhibiting increasingly erratic behavior in the months before the attack, telling acquaintances that he was the rightful King of England and that Jackson had killed his father. He was found not guilty by reason of insanity after a trial that lasted only minutes and spent the remaining twenty-six years of his life in institutions. The incident reinforced Jackson's public image as a man of physical courage and iron will, qualities his supporters had celebrated since his frontier military career. It also exposed how vulnerable American presidents were to attack: Jackson had no security detail, walked to and from the Capitol routinely, and held public receptions at the White House where any citizen could enter and shake his hand. Formal presidential protection would not be established until the Secret Service assumed the role in 1901, after the assassination of William McKinley.