Events

Dorothy Gale opened a door and the screen exploded from sepia into Technicolor, and audiences at Grauman's Chinese Theatre on Hollywood Boulevard gasped. The Wizard of Oz premiered on August 15, 1939, and that single transition from a dusty Kansas farmhouse to the luminous Land of Oz became one of the most famous visual moments in cinema history. The film nearly bankrupted MGM. It went on to become the most watched movie ever made. The production had been a troubled marathon. MGM cycled through four directors before settling on Victor Fleming, who was simultaneously pulled away to rescue Gone with the Wind. Buddy Ebsen, the original Tin Man, was hospitalized after an allergic reaction to aluminum powder makeup. Margaret Hamilton suffered severe burns during a pyrotechnic sequence as the Wicked Witch. Judy Garland, just 16 years old, was subjected to a punishing schedule and studio-mandated diet pills. The Munchkin sequences required coordinating 124 little people in elaborate costumes over weeks of shooting. The film's Technicolor cinematography, designed by Harold Rosson, represented a quantum leap in how color could be used as storytelling. Rather than treating color as novelty, the production team created a deliberate emotional vocabulary: the washed-out reality of Kansas versus the saturated fantasy of Oz. The ruby slippers, changed from silver in L. Frank Baum's original novel specifically to showcase the new color process, became the film's most iconic prop. The premiere drew a star-studded audience, but the initial box office returns were disappointing relative to the film's $2.8 million budget, an enormous sum for 1939. MGM did not turn a profit on the theatrical release until a 1949 re-release. The film's true cultural conquest came through television. Starting with its first CBS broadcast in 1956, annual airings made The Wizard of Oz a shared national experience for generations of American families. "Over the Rainbow," nearly cut from the final film by studio executives, was named the greatest movie song of the 20th century by the American Film Institute.

Crowds erupted across the Allied world on August 15, 1945, as news spread that Japan had surrendered unconditionally and the Second World War was finally over. In New York's Times Square, an estimated two million people flooded the streets in spontaneous celebration. A sailor kissed a nurse, a photographer clicked the shutter, and the image became one of the most reproduced photographs of the century. Six years of global conflict that had killed between 70 and 85 million people had reached their end. V-J Day, Victory over Japan Day, arrived after a sequence of shattering blows that left Japan's military leadership unable to continue. The atomic bombing of Hiroshima on August 6 killed approximately 80,000 people instantly and tens of thousands more from radiation in the following weeks. Nagasaki was struck three days later, killing 40,000 on impact. Between these two bombs, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan and invaded Manchuria with 1.5 million troops, destroying the Kwantung Army and eliminating any possibility of a negotiated peace through Moscow. Emperor Hirohito broke the deadlock among his advisors by personally deciding to accept the terms of the Potsdam Declaration, which demanded unconditional surrender. His recorded radio address, broadcast at noon Japan time on August 15, was the first time most Japanese citizens had ever heard their emperor's voice. Hirohito never used the word "surrender," instead stating that Japan must "endure the unendurable." Across the empire, soldiers and civilians reacted with shock, grief, and for some, relief. The formal ceremony took place on September 2 aboard the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay, where Japanese Foreign Minister Mamoru Shigemitsu and General Yoshijiro Umezu signed the instrument of surrender before representatives of nine Allied nations. General Douglas MacArthur, presiding over the ceremony, called for "a better world" to emerge from "the blood and carnage of the past." The occupation of Japan that followed would last seven years and remake the nation into a democratic, demilitarized state that became America's most important Asian ally.