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Guru Gobind Singh

Historical Figure

Guru Gobind Singh

1666–1708

Tenth Sikh guru from 1675 to 1708

Early Modern

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Biography

Guru Gobind Singh was the tenth and last human Sikh Guru. He was a warrior, poet, and philosopher. In 1675, at the age of nine, he was formally made the leader of the Sikhs after his father Guru Tegh Bahadur—the ninth Sikh Guru—was executed by the emperor Aurangzeb. His four biological sons died during his lifetime—two in battle and two executed by the Mughal administrator Wazir Khan.

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Timeline

The story of Guru Gobind Singh, told in moments.

1666 Birth

Born Gobind Rai in Patna, Bihar. His father was Guru Tegh Bahadur, the ninth Sikh Guru. At age nine, he asked his father why the Kashmiri Pandits were being persecuted. The answer set everything in motion.

1675 Event

His father was executed in Delhi by Mughal emperor Aurangzeb for refusing to convert to Islam. Gobind became Guru at age nine. The youngest leader of a community at war.

1699 Event

Created the Khalsa at Vaisakhi. Asked for five volunteers willing to die. Each walked into his tent. Each came out alive, wearing the five articles of faith. The community was reborn that day.

1704 Event

Lost all four sons in the wars against the Mughals. The two eldest died in battle at Chamkaur. The two youngest, ages 6 and 9, were bricked alive at Sirhind by the provincial governor.

1708 Death

Died at Nanded from wounds inflicted by assassins. Before dying, he declared the Guru Granth Sahib, the holy scripture, as the eternal Guru. No more human successors.

In Their Own Words (7)

"Though you are the king of kings, O Aurangzeb! you are far from righteousness and justice. I vanquished the vicious hill chiefs, they were idol-worshippers and I am idol-breaker. [94-95]"

Arun Shourie, quoted in Elst, Koenraad (2002). Who is a Hindu?: Hindu revivalist views of Animism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and other offshoots of Hinduism. ISBN 978-8185990743, 2002

Govind Rai, the tenth and last guru (1676 — 1708) and the only son of Tegh Bahadur, was a man of whom it had been prophesied before his birth that ‘’he would convert jackals into tigers and sparrows into hawks." He was not the person to leave his father’s death unavenged. [...] Govind steadily drilled his followers, gave them a distinctive dress and a new oath of baptism... “Mother dear, I have been considering how I may confer empire on the Khalsa. ’ ’ And, again, “I shall make men of all four castes lions and destroy the Mughals.’’

1676

"Someone is Hindu and someone a Muslim, then someone is Shia, and someone a Sunni, but all the human beings, as a species, are recognized as one and the same. 2|15|85"

"When all other methods fail, it is proper to hold the sword in hand. [22]"

One paper after another highlighted some quotes from contemporaneous writers in praise of Aurangzeb. These are easy to find, as he had the last say over their success or marginalization, even over life and death. On Stalin too, you can easily find many contemporary sources praising him, and then silly academics concluding therefrom that he can’t have been so bad. Thus, one of the sources was Guru Govind Singh’s Zafar Namah or “victory letter”. If you quote it selectively, you might think he was an admirer and ideological comrade of Aurangzeb’s. But the Guru was strategically with his back against the wall and had to curry favour with the man holding all the cards. So he wrote a diplomatically-worded letter and held his personal opinions to himself (and here is one case where personal relations must have trumped ideology). It is entirely certain, and academics cover themselves with shame if they cleverly try to deny it, that Govind hated Aurangzeb from the bottom of his heart. Aurangzeb was responsible for the murder of Govind’s father and all four sons. Any proletarian can understand that in private, Govind must have said the worst things about Aurangzeb. You have to be as silly or as partisan as a South Asia scholar to believe that the Guru meant to praise Aurangzeb. [...] I heard an “academic” describe how contemporary Hindi writers praised Aurangzeb, the dispenser of their destinies. Well, many eulogies of Stalin can also be cited, including by comrades fallen from grace and praising Stalin even during their acceptance speeches of the death penalty; but it would be a very bad historian, even if sporting academic titles, who flatly deduces therefrom that Stalin a benign ruler. Govind Singh’s “Victory Letter” to Emperor Aurangzeb was, in all seriousness, included among the sources of praise, leaving unmentioned that Aurangzeb had murdered Govind’s father and four sons. Every village bumpkin can deduce that Govind hated Aurangezb more than any other person in the world, and that he was only being diplomatic in his writing because of the power equation. Academics laugh at kooks who believe in aliens, but it took an academic, no less, to discover an alien who actually admired the murderer of his father and sons.

Artifacts (15)

Guru Gobind Singh

Unknown

19th century
vam View

Guru Gobind Singh and Guru Nanak

Unknown

ca. 1700 - ca. 1720
vam View

Maharao Guman Singh Riding an Elephant in Procession

dated 1770 (samvat 1827) · Opaque watercolor, black ink, and gold on tan paper
aic View

Zafarnama

Zafarnama and Fatehnama are verse letters in Persian addressed to Aurangzeb, Emperor of Hindustan, 1616-1707.

2000

Letter of victory

Letter by Guru Gobind Singh written to Emperor Aurangzeb, when he attacked Anandpur.

2005

Epistle of victory

Persian text with English translation of Zafarnama, verse letter written by Guru Gobind Singh, 1666-1708, to Aurangzeb, Emperor of Hindustan, 1618-1707.

2005

Zafarnama

Written in exquisite Persian verse, the Zafarnama or ‘Epistle of Victory’ was a defiant message composed by Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Sikh guru, and addressed to the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb,...

2011

Chandi-Di-Vaar: Punjabi with English Translation

Chandi-Di-Vaar by Sri Guru Gobind Singh Ji in Punjabi with English translation.

2019

The Ten Swayyas of Guru Gobind Singh

1924

Guru Gobind Singh's Akal Ustat

1967

Sikhism and Indian Society

1967

Rāmāvatara

1967

The Fatehnama of Guru Gobind Singh

1999

Guru Gobind Singh's Zafarnamah

2006

Song of Immortality: The Spirit of Guru Gobind Singh Reflected in His Akal Ustatt

1936

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